Social Engineering Blogs

Understanding emotion, emotional triggers, and nonverbal behavior requires moving beyond surface reactions to examine why certain situations elicit specific responses.

You may have heard of Alex Honnold- a famous rock climber who gained worldwide notoriety after becoming the first person to free solo El Capitan in Yosemite National Park.

Most recently, Honnold climbed Taipei 101, a 1667 foot skyscraper, while it was streamed live on Netflix.

The story of Honnold — whose amygdala shows unusually low activation in response to fear-inducing images — provides a compelling case study in how the brain’s evaluation of events shapes emotional experience.

For professionals who study emotion, facial expressions, and nonverbal behavior, this research helps clarify a foundational truth:

Emotions are not triggered by events themselves, but by how the brain appraises those events.

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Emotion Triggers: Appraisal and Psychological Themes

Emotion scientists generally agree that emotions are triggered through appraisal — a rapid cognitive evaluation of a stimulus that determines its emotional significance.

In Humintell’s work on what triggers emotions, this appraisal process is framed around universal psychological themes linked to basic emotions such as anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust, contempt, and surprise.

Examples of these themes include:

Fear — triggered when something is appraised as threatening to physical or psychological integrity.

Happiness — elicited when an event is appraised as goal attainment.

Sadness — triggered by loss.

This perspective reframes emotion triggers not as simple reflexes, but as meaning-making processes that rapidly evaluate events (external situations, internal thoughts, or memories) in terms of their relevance to wellbeing or survival.

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Honnold’s Brain: A Case of Appraisal Differences

The fMRI study of Alex Honnold’s brain found unusually low activation in his amygdala — a key region in threat detection and the generation of fear emotions — when he viewed fear-provoking imagery.

What this doesn’t mean is that Honnold cannot feel fear. Rather:

• His brain appears to appraise situations typically interpreted as threatening in a different way than most people.
• His emotional evaluation system may place less psychological threat value on those stimuli — likely because of how his experiences have shaped his appraisal patterns.

From an emotional trigger standpoint, Honnold provides a vivid example of how what counts as a threat — and what counts as safe — is defined by learned patterns of appraisal, not raw sensory input.

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The Role of Experience in Emotional Interpretation

Appraisal theories of emotion emphasize that meaning is everything. The same event — a steep drop on a rock face, for example — may be appraised as threatening by one person and manageable by another based on:

• learned competence
• familiarity and mastery
• expectations of outcome
• somatic and cognitive associations

Honnold’s brain likely reflects repeated exposure and habituation, where what would trigger a strong fear response in most people no longer activates the same appraisal processes in him. This is consistent with how repeated experiences reshape emotional triggers over time.

For professionals who teach or assess emotional intelligence:

• Emotional triggers shift with experience.
• Appraisal centrality explains why individuals with expertise in a domain often show reduced fear-related facial expressions yet remain emotionally engaged.

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Facial Expressions and Emotional Triggers

From a nonverbal behavior perspective, understanding triggers matters because the face does not just reflect emotion — it reflects appraisal outcomes.

A person’s appraisal of a stimulus influences:

• the intensity of the emotional response
• the presence or absence of facial indicators such as eye widening, brow movements, or tension in the mouth
• the timing and subtlety of microexpressions

This means that someone like Honnold may exhibit:

• subdued fear-related facial expressions
• more consistent facial control under pressure
• fewer nonverbal cues typically associated with threat appraisal

For analysts, this highlights a critical analytic point: absence of fear expressions does not equal absence of internal experience. It may reflect a different appraisal threshold or pattern.

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Beyond the Amygdala: Regulation and Interpretation

While the amygdala is central to detecting potential threat, it does not act alone in shaping emotion. The prefrontal cortex contributes to emotional regulation by modifying the interpretation and behavioral expression of emotions — a key element of emotional intelligence.

In professional contexts:

• Emotional regulation influences how triggers manifest in the face and body.
• Skilled communicators can manage automatic appraisals, attenuating or amplifying emotional expression appropriately.

This interplay between appraisal, emotional triggers, and nonverbal expression underscores why emotion expertise must consider both internal evaluation processes and observable signals.

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What This Means for Reading Emotions

The case of Honnold’s brain reinforces that emotional triggers are not uniform across individuals:

• A threat for one person may not be a threat for another.
• The same stimulus can produce divergent emotional and nonverbal responses based on history, appraisal, and cognition.
• Universal psychological themes guide basic emotion triggers, but personal experiences shape how and when these themes are activated.

For anyone practicing advanced emotion recognition, this means you must:

• Assess baseline appraisal patterns for individuals
• Understand that nonverbal expression reflects meaning-making, not just sensation
• Recognize that emotional triggers are dynamic, not fixed

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Emotion as Adaptive Meaning-Making

Ultimately, emotion — including fear — is a dynamic system that results from how the brain evaluates and interprets what matters to the individual.

Honnold’s brain reminds us that emotion triggers are not simple reflexes but sophisticated appraisal mechanisms shaped by experience and context.

When we understand the role of appraisal and universal psychological themes in emotional triggers, we gain deeper insight into both why emotions arise and how they are expressed nonverbally — core knowledge for anyone committed to mastering emotional intelligence and behavior reading.

The post What Alex Honnold’s Brain Reveals About Fear and Emotion first appeared on Humintell | Master the Art of Reading Body Language.

Most of us think of emotional expression as something rooted in psychology—our thoughts, our feelings, our personality. But emerging research continues to remind us that the body and mind are tightly intertwined.

A new study, published in Frontiers in Psychiatry, offers compelling evidence that elevated blood pressure may actually mute our ability to express certain emotions on the face.

This work extends a growing line of research on Cardiovascular Emotional Dampening (CED). Previous studies have shown that individuals with higher blood pressure often struggle to recognize emotions in others.

But recognition is only half of the communication process. The other half—how well we express our own emotions—has received far less attention. Until now.

A First Look at Expression, Not Just Perception

To explore this expressive side of CED, researchers recruited adults across a range of blood pressure levels: normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive.

Participants were asked to deliberately pose six basic emotions—happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise—while being recorded.

What makes this study especially robust is that the researchers didn’t rely on just one method of evaluation.

Each expression was coded by both trained human raters and an automated facial-analysis system. This dual-approach allowed the team to capture subtle details in facial movement and emotional accuracy.

The results were striking.

High Blood Pressure, Lower Expressive Accuracy

Individuals with higher blood pressure consistently showed reduced accuracy when attempting to portray several negative emotions. Expressions of sadness, fear, and surprise were particularly affected. Their facial movements were often less pronounced, less coordinated, or did not match the emotion they were instructed to express.

Even more interesting, these expressive deficits were correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. In other words, as blood pressure climbed, expressive clarity tended to drop.

But one emotion stood out as the exception: happiness. Smiles, it seems, remained largely intact across blood-pressure groups. Positive facial expressions did not show the same dampening effect.

This asymmetry—preserved positive expressivity alongside muted negative expressivity—matches patterns seen in previous research on perception. People with higher blood pressure tend to have more difficulty recognizing negative emotions too. This new work suggests that the expressive channel may be shaped in a similar way.

Why Blood Pressure Would Affect the Face

At first glance, the idea that blood pressure could influence facial expressions sounds surprising. But the connection makes sense when viewed through the lens of embodiment and autonomic regulation.

Our emotional expressions depend on rapid, flexible coordination between the brain, autonomic nervous system, and facial musculature.

Elevated blood pressure is associated with reduced autonomic flexibility, altered baroreflex functioning, and changes in brain regions tied to emotion.

Together, these physiological shifts may blunt the body’s responsiveness—making expressions less intense or less accurately matched to the intended emotion.

In other words, emotional dampening may reflect a broader bodily pattern, rather than a conscious choice.

Implications for Emotional Communication

For those of us who study or teach nonverbal behavior, these findings highlight an important nuance.

When people express emotions weakly or unclearly, the first impulse may be to attribute meaning: Are they bored? Detached? Concealing something?

But this study suggests a different possibility—some individuals may be genuinely physiologically less expressive in certain emotional domains.

This is especially relevant in high-stakes interpersonal environments:

• clinical interviews

• security screenings

• conflict-resolution settings

• relationship communication

• or any context requiring accurate emotional interpretation.

A muted expression of fear or sadness may reflect cardiovascular state, not emotional withholding.

This does not mean that facial expressions are unreliable. Rather, it underscores the role of individual differences—and why accurate emotion reading requires context, pattern recognition, and caution against over-interpretation.

Where the Research Is Heading

This study opens several important doors for future inquiry.

One question is whether these expressive differences appear in spontaneous emotional behavior, not just posed expressions. Real-world emotional reactions often rely on automatic facial-muscle activation, which may be even more susceptible to physiological influences.

Another question concerns other nonverbal channels. Prior research has shown that emotional dampening linked to elevated blood pressure can affect recognition of vocal and cross-modal cues as well. Whether expressive dampening extends to the voice, gestures, or posture remains to be seen.

Finally, researchers are beginning to wonder whether improving cardiovascular health—through stress reduction, exercise, or medical treatment—might help restore emotional clarity in recognition and expression. If so, the relationship between physiology and emotion may be more dynamic than previously thought.

The Takeaway

This new study adds an important piece to the puzzle of how our bodies shape our emotional world. Elevated blood pressure doesn’t only influence the heart and blood vessels—it may subtly influence the face we show to others.

For clinicians, trainers, and anyone committed to understanding nonverbal behavior, the message is clear: emotional expression is deeply embodied. And sometimes, behind a quiet or muted face, the physiology may be speaking louder than the expression itself.

Commentary from Dr. Matsumoto

There’s much to like about this study. Before I comment about the implications of its findings, however, I would be remiss if I didn’t discuss some questions about the methodology that I have.

First, I’m wondering how they measured accuracy of emotional expressions. Expression accuracy can be measured several different ways and the authors never explained that in detail. That type of detail is important in understanding how to interpret the findings, so I would have wanted more info about that.

Also, the study didn’t require participants to engage in an emotion recognition or perception task. That would have been important because the authors make interpretations about the associations between expressions and perceptions in the Discussion, along with their underlying neural processes. Without actual data about that, however, such interpretations rest on many assumptions and thus become quite speculative.

But let’s give on the methods issues for a moment and consider the implications of the findings, which are interesting and have strong implications for an understanding of the effects of high blood pressure on the neural pathways controlling facial expressions.

More generally, the findings raise questions about how other psychophysiological states impact expression and recognition, and why. Do these findings generalize to stress, neuropathies, or other medical conditions? And what do such effects mean about how humans are wired together, a question that we have so much left to explore.

All in all the study is quite thought provoking and should inspire more research like it in the future, integrating emotion, health, and neuropsychological topics.

Given the dismantling of Humpty Dumpty into many silos of academia for the past century, hopefully the future can put Humpty Dumpty back together again.

The post Research: When High Blood Pressure Quietly Dampens the Face first appeared on Humintell | Master the Art of Reading Body Language.

We often hear that “money can’t buy happiness.” Yet a growing body of research suggests something more nuanced: how we spend our money matters.

According to new findings highlighted in Scientific American, spending on experiences—such as concerts, trips, meals, or classes—creates deeper feelings of connection, belonging, and well-being than spending on material goods.

This research is not only relevant to psychology—it also aligns closely with what we know about nonverbal behavior, body language, and how people build relationships through shared meaning.

If our experiences shape how we act, interact, and signal ourselves to others, then the choice between buying things and doing things may influence not just happiness, but how we show up socially and emotionally.

The Research: Experiences Foster Connection in Ways Objects Don’t

The research summarized by Scientific American draws from 13 experiments involving nearly 2,000 participants. In each study, people were asked to recall either a material purchase (like clothing or electronics) or an experiential purchase (like a trip or a live event).

Across the board, people who reflected on experiences reported:

• Greater happiness and overall emotional satisfaction
• A stronger sense of social connection, even to strangers
• More feelings of similarity and kinship with others who had the same experience
• Higher motivation to engage in social activities, rather than solitary ones

Crucially, these effects held true even when comparing “better” versus “worse” versions of the same purchase.

Someone who had a more expensive seat at a concert still felt connected to someone who went to the same event. But two people who bought the same type of physical product did not show the same bond.

Experiences, it seems, create shared identity in ways that objects cannot.

Why Experiences Create Stronger Bonds

Several psychological explanations help make sense of why experiences are so powerful for happiness and connection—and why this matters for reading people and understanding their nonverbal communication.

1. Experiences become part of identity

Experiences shape who we are. They influence our worldview, preferences, and the stories we tell. Because identity drives so much of our body language and nonverbal behavior—how we gesture, how we express emotion, how we communicate—shared experiences create an immediate sense of similarity and rapport.

2. Experiences reduce social comparison

Material goods tend to spark judgment and comparison (who has the newer phone, nicer car, more expensive bag). Experiences, by contrast, emphasize shared meaning rather than status. Even if two people had different versions of an experience, the common ground outweighs the differences.

3. Memories spark conversation and connection

Experiences give us stories, emotions, and moments we relive and retell. These memories fuel conversations and help people understand each other’s values—an important foundation for reading people accurately.

4. Experiences motivate social behavior

Reflecting on experiences seems to prime us toward sociability. People recalling experiential purchases expressed greater interest in spending time with others, engaging in group activities, and building relationships.

That matters because social motivation influences posture, eye contact, tone of voice, and other components of nonverbal communication that shape how others perceive us.

What This Means for Nonverbal Behavior and Reading People

For those who study or work with nonverbal behavior, this research carries several implications:

• Shared experiences shape expressive behavior. People who engage in more social experiences may display warmer body language, greater emotional openness, and clearer nonverbal signals.
• Connection changes how we interpret others. When we feel a sense of similarity or shared identity, we tend to read facial expressions and nonverbal cues more accurately.
• Experiences help people feel “seen.” Doing activities together creates opportunities for emotional expression—eye contact, laughter, touch, gestures—that deepen rapport.
• Material purchases don’t have the same interpersonal ripple effects. A new gadget might boost short-term mood, but it doesn’t typically alter how people interact or how connection is communicated nonverbally.

In other words: experiences don’t just make us happier—they make us more attuned, expressive, and receptive in our relationships.

A Practical Takeaway: Choose Doing Over Having

If your goal is to increase happiness, improve relationships, or deepen your ability to connect and read people, the research is clear: invest in experiences, not objects.

Experiences:

• Strengthen social bonds
• Boost happiness more sustainably
• Enhance nonverbal communication
• Encourage openness and shared understanding
• Build stories, not clutter

Whether it’s a trip, a workshop, a nature outing, or a live performance, what you do with others has far more impact on emotional well-being than what you own.

In a world where loneliness is rising, these findings offer hopeful clarity: connection is built in moments, not merchandise.

The post Why Experiences Boost Happiness and Connection first appeared on Humintell | Master the Art of Reading Body Language.